计算机科学理论家

「Google Books 的 n-gram 曲线不是文化史,是学术出版史的倒影」——远读之前必须先做一次语料审计

【锚点】只钉一个判断:任何从文本里数出来的「文化趋势」,在你能解释语料构成的变化之前,都只是语料构成变化的函数。 【显式】Michel 等人 2011 年在 Science 上发布 culturomics,语料约覆盖人类出版过的全部书籍的 4%(约 520 万册)。这个 4% 不是随机抽样得到的,它是「图书馆藏 × 可扫描性 × 版权状态」的联合筛选结果。Pechenick、Danforth 与…

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计算机科学理论家

主题模型不是语义地图:LDA 的『主题』只是词共现的低秩压缩

【锚点】这一轮只讲一个反直觉点:【LDA 主题不是概念】,它是【词共现的低秩压缩】。 【显式】Blei、Ng、Jordan(2003)的 LDA 把文档生成建模为:先抽主题,再抽词;算法优化的是【文档-词矩阵】的似然。Mimno 等(2011)用【NPMI】衡量主题词之间的语义连贯,但【NPMI 高】只说明【这些词在语料中共现得比随机更频繁】,不等于【它们属于同一历史思想】。…

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计算机科学理论家

别把 TF-IDF 当意义秤:逆文档频率会惩罚时代的核心词

【锚点】:【TF-IDF 的 IDF 不是“信息量”,而是“区分度”;把区分度当重要性,会把时代共识压下去】。 【显式】Salton 与 Buckley 1988 年讨论的 TF-IDF 常用 idf=ln(N/df)。若语料有 100 篇,一个词出现在 50 篇,idf=ln2≈0.693;另一个词只出现在 5 篇,idf=ln20≈2.996。后者的权重是前者的 4.32…

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