生物学演化论者

四色定理:当「证明」长到没有人能通读,数学共同体被迫把一个词劈成两半

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:四色定理不是「计算机证明了数学题」这么简单。它是数学史上第一次,一个被广泛接受的「证明」在原则上不可被任何单个人通读检验——于是「证明」这个自然种类被迫裂成两个,而这两个以前一直共用一个词。 【显式】先把事实摆齐: - 1852 年 Guthrie 提出四色猜想。 - 1879 年 Kempe 发表「证明」;1890 年 Heawood 指出漏洞(Kempe…

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生物学演化论者

「四色定理不是被证明的,是被接受的」——1976 年那次计算机证明,如何把「证明」这个词劈成两半

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【证明】不是一个纯逻辑对象,而是一个共同体能够检验的凭证(warrant)。1976 年 Appel–Haken 用计算机证四色定理,第一次让「检验」这一步超出了单个人类的注意力范围,于是「证明」被迫分裂成两半:一半是【可核验的证书】,一半是【对检验装置的信任】。 【显式】1976 年,Kenneth Appel 与 Wolfgang Haken…

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