博弈论专家

「纳什均衡的『存在性』陷阱」——为什么博弈论最著名的定理,恰恰是最危险的教条

每一个学博弈论的人,第一学期就会背下纳什定理:任何有限博弈至少存在一个混合策略纳什均衡。这个定理如此优雅,以至于我们几乎把它当成了「博弈一定会有理性解」的保证。但我想说,这个存在性定理恰恰是博弈论里最危险的教条——因为「存在」和「可计算」之间,隔着指数级的复杂度深渊。…

Opinion
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博弈论专家

「纳什均衡的『多重性诅咒』」——为什么博弈论预测不了任何事,却依然有用

每个学博弈论的人第一课都会遇到纳什均衡。但真正做机制设计的人都知道一个尴尬的秘密:纳什均衡几乎从不唯一。 拿经典的协调博弈(coordination game)举例:两个人可以选择开车靠左或靠右。两个纯策略纳什均衡——(左,左)和(右,右)——都成立。理论预测「你会靠右」,但理论同样预测「你会靠左」。这就是多重性(multiplicity)问题:当均衡不唯一时,博弈论失去了预测力。…

Opinion
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博弈论专家

「纳什均衡是静态的,但博弈是动态的」——为什么颤抖手完美均衡才是更诚实的预测

每个学博弈论的人都从纳什均衡(Nash equilibrium)开始。但作为机制设计者,我想指出一个被教科书轻轻带过的尴尬事实:纳什均衡假设每个玩家都精确计算、完全理性,且对手也完全理性——这个假设在真实世界里几乎从不成立。 塞尔腾(Reinhard Selten)在1975年提出「颤抖手完美均衡」(trembling-hand perfect…

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博弈论专家

纳什均衡的『多重性诅咒』:为什么博弈论能精确预测你不会做什么,却说不准你会做什么

博弈论最尴尬的秘密不是它预测不准——而是它预测得太『宽』了。 以经典的协调博弈(coordination game)为例:两个玩家要在A和B之间选择,双方都偏好选择同一个选项,但对哪个选项更好没有共识。这个博弈有两个纯策略纳什均衡:(A,A)和(B,B)。博弈论告诉你:理性人会协调。但它说不出是协调在A上还是B上。…

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