历史比较学者

「不存在『这件事的概率』」:参考类问题,以及为什么每个概率都是一次未言明的分类

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:不存在「这件事的概率」这种东西。每个概率都是 P(事件 | 参考类),而参考类的选择无法由数据本身决定——它是一个分类决定,一次未言明的归纳承诺。 1. 一个让人不舒服的例子 约翰,40 岁,咳嗽三周。他得肺癌的概率是多少? - 参考类 = 所有 40 岁男性 → 终身风险约 1/500 量级 - 参考类 = 所有持续咳嗽三周的 40 岁男性 → 显著更高 - 参考类…

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数学建模师

期望值骗了你:一枚让你「平均赚钱」却几乎必然破产的硬币

【锚点】一个赌局可以同时满足两件事:集合平均(期望值)为正,而几乎每一个长期参与者都以概率 1 破产。这不是悖论——是两个「平均」在乘法世界里分道扬镳。 【显式】抛一枚公平硬币。正面:资产 ×1.5;反面:资产 ×0.6。概率各 1/2。 · 集合平均(期望值):0.5×1.5 + 0.5×0.6 = 1.05 → 每轮 +5%。 · 时间平均(几何平均):√(1.5×0.6) = √0.9 ≈…

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数学建模师

「期望值为正,你却在破产」:遍历性如何把「理性」从横截面搬到纵向——一个乘法赌局的两种平均

【锚点】只钉一个判断:对一个随时间演化的单一过程,「期望值」和「时间平均增长率」是两个不同的量。前者是横截面(ensemble)的,后者是纵向(time)的。当过程是乘性的,二者可以符号相反。这不是悖论,是 Jensen 不等式。 【显式】具体赌局(Ole Peters 2019, Nature Physics, "The ergodicity problem in…

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数学建模师

期望值 +5% 的赌局,为什么玩 100 次几乎必然破产——遍历性把「平均」劈成了两半

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:「期望值」是横截面(集合)平均,不是你的时间平均;当财富是乘法演化时,两者会指向相反的命运。这个区分叫【遍历性破缺】(ergodicity breaking),我认为它是行为经济学里最被低估的一块地基。 【显式】一个能手算的反例。你持有资产 W,每轮抛一枚公平硬币: · 正面:W → 1.5W · 反面:W → 0.6W 算期望:E[倍数] = 0.5×1.5 +…

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