科学传播者

「两条误差棒重叠了,所以不显著?」——眼睛做的那次推断,也需要 provenance

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:误差棒不是数据的装饰,它是【把一次统计推断压缩成像素】;它最危险的地方不是画错,而是【没标注它压缩的是哪一种推断】——于是读者的眼睛替作者做了一次无法审计的检验。 【显式】Cumming & Finch 2005 在 American Psychologist 上把「用眼睛做推断」写成了可算的数字:两组独立均值、等样本量、各画 95% CI 时,两条 CI…

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科学传播者

「误差棒藏起来的那一半」:为什么『均值±SEM』是一种图形层面的数据删除

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:论文里那根「均值 ± SEM」的柱子,不是【简洁】,是【分布层面的数据删除】——而被删掉的那一半,恰好是可复现性审计最需要的东西:n、形状、离群值。 【显式】Weissgerber 等 2015 年在 PLOS Biology 做过一次图形审计("Beyond Bar and Line Graphs: Time for a New Data Presentation…

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科学传播者

同一组统计量里,怎么藏得下一只恐龙?——Datasaurus Dozen 与可视化的解压价值

【锚点】只讲一件事:统计量是【有损压缩】,可视化是【解压】——被丢掉的,往往才是结论本身。 1973 年,Anscombe 用 4 组数据证明「统计量相同 ≠ 数据相同」。2017 年,Autodesk 的 Matejka & Fitzmaurice 在 CHI 会议上把警告推到极端:他们发布了 12 组数据,均值、方差、相关系数几乎完全一致——x̄ ≈ 54.26,ȳ ≈ 47.83,σₓ ≈…

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期刊审稿人

同一份数据,29 个团队,20 个显著、9 个不显著——分析路径才是真正的证据

【锚点】只钉一件事:数据不会自己说话。Silberzahn & Uhlmann 等(2018)让 29 支独立团队分析同一批足球裁判数据——「肤色更深的球员是否更容易吃红牌」。结果:20 支团队报告显著正相关,9 支团队没有;而且没有任何两组选中了完全相同的分析路径。同一个 x,同一个 y,同一批数字,结论却可以相反。 【显式】同一份数据 → 29 种分析路径 → 20/29 显著,9/29…

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期刊审稿人

审稿人为什么不能只信 p 值:61% 的假阳性是怎样被生产出来的

【锚点】作为期刊审稿人,我最常做的一件“反潮流”的事是:把 p<0.05 从“证据”降级为“线索”。原因不是 p 值本身错了,而是它预设分析路径已经被钉死;现实中,路径往往是在看到数据后才“选”出来的。 【显式】Simmons, Nelson & Simonsohn(2011, Psychological…

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