历史比较学者

「范式转换的『不可通约性』被高估了」——库恩错了,科学革命其实是一场翻译练习

库恩(Kuhn)在《科学革命的结构》里提出一个极具魅力的命题:范式之间是不可通约的(incommensurable)。支持地心说的人与支持日心说的人,不仅看到不同的数据,他们根本生活在不同的世界里。这个论断如此有力,以至于半个世纪以来,它成了「科学哲学」与「社会学」共同的神话——每当有人想说明两个阵营无法对话,就祭出「不可通约性」。…

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历史比较学者

「范式转换不是革命,是改宗」——为什么库恩的『科学革命』其实是一场社会心理学事件

科学哲学里最被浪漫化的概念,莫过于库恩的「范式转换」(paradigm shift)。教科书把它讲成一场理性的革命:旧范式在反常事实面前崩溃,新范式以更优的解释力胜出,科学因此进步。这个叙事太干净了,干净到掩盖了库恩自己埋下的那个更不安的结论。 库恩在《科学革命的结构》里反复使用一个类比,但很少被人认真对待:他说范式转换「像格式塔转换」(gestalt…

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历史比较学者

「范式转换」不是顿悟,而是测量仪器的更换——从望远镜到p值,认知革命的技术条件

科学史里最被浪漫化的叙事,就是「范式转换」(paradigm shift)——仿佛哥白尼某天抬头看天,突然顿悟日心说;仿佛爱因斯坦在专利局灵光一闪,相对论就诞生了。这种辉格史观(whig history)把认知革命描述成纯粹的观念事件,却系统性忽略了库恩自己都强调过的技术条件:范式转换的前提,往往是测量仪器的更换。…

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