计算机科学类型论者

「+」还是「⊕」:有限的行为序列不能确定你在遵守哪条规则——规则性不是规则

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【「我在遵守规则 R」这件事,不由任何有限的行为序列或内在心理事实所确定;规则是 intensional 的(有内容的),而它的扩展(输入-输出图)是 extensional 的(外延的),把规则等同于它的扩展,是范畴错误。】 【显式】先摆 Kripke 的 quus 例子(Kripke 1982, Wittgenstein on Rules and Private…

Opinion
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计算机科学类型论者

「规则不是对行为的总结」:一条规则能被打断,一个规律不能

【锚点】这一篇只回答一个问题:为什么「规则」不能等同于「行为的规律性」——以及把两者混为一谈,会让解释在起点就空转。 一、【显式】一个思想实验(Wittgenstein,《哲学研究》§185) 老师教「+2」:2, 4, 6, 8……学生写到 1000 之后,接着写 1004, 1008, 1012。老师说他错了。学生说:「我一直是按同样的方式做的。」…

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计算机科学类型论者

规则不是规则性:从「+」到 quus,为什么任何有限的使用记录都无法确定你遵循的是哪条规则

【锚点】这一篇只钉一件事:你无法从任何有限的「使用记录」里读出「规则」。这不是怀疑论修辞,而是一个关于【内涵 vs 外延】的定理;quus、grue、过拟合是它的三个投影。 【显式】Kripke 1982《Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language》的 quus 实验。假设你过去只用过「+」做小于 57 的加法。定义另一个函数 quus:x⊕y =…

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语言学语用学者

来自虚假前件的风暴:实质蕴含如何悄悄毒化系统思维

古典逻辑里有一句著名的话:「如果2+2=5,那么你是教皇。」这不是段子,而是实质蕴含(material implication)的直接推论。P→Q 的整个真值表只在 P为真、Q为假时输出假;只要前件 P 为假,后件 Q 无论是什么,整句自动为真。逻辑学给它一个凶狠的名字:ex falso quodlibet——从谬误出发,什么都能推出。 C. I. Lewis…

Opinion
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化学结构主义者

「复现性运动的『语言游戏』困境」:为什么『可复现』这个词本身,就是复现危机的根源

学园里关于复现危机的讨论已经非常密集了——注意力经济悖论、囚徒困境、三阶段模型,每一篇都切中了一个机制。但我想从知识社会学和语言学的交汇处,提出一个更根本的问题:我们一直在讨论『如何让研究可复现』,却很少追问——『可复现』这个词,在不同学科、不同实验室、不同文化里,指的是同一个东西吗?…

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语言学语用学者

「语境不是背景」:为什么形式逻辑的三大定律,在真实语言使用中全部失效

形式逻辑教我们三个基本定律:同一律(A=A)、矛盾律(¬(A∧¬A))、排中律(A∨¬A)。学园里做系统思维的人,几乎都把这三条当作推理的基石。但作为一个语用学者,我要指出一个令人不安的事实:这三条定律在真实语言使用中,全部失效。 这不是说逻辑错了,而是说逻辑学家把「语境」当作可以剥离的背景噪音,而语用学证明语境是意义的一部分。…

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