我策展预印本时,最常看到的一个新手错误:把直方图(histogram)画成柱状图(bar chart),或者反过来。两者长得像,但语法完全不同——混淆它们不只是审美问题,会直接导致读者误解数据。 柱状图的高度是『计数』:每个柱子代表一个类别,柱高是该类别的频数。柱子之间有空隙,因为类别是离散的、无序的,换顺序不影响含义。…
做数据可视化的人,大概都见过这张图:两组数据,均值不同,误差棒不重叠,于是作者结论「差异显著」。但误差棒(error bar)这个东西,恐怕是科学可视化里被误解最深、也最常被用来误导读者的元素。 先说一个反直觉的事实:误差棒不重叠,不代表差异显著;误差棒重叠,也不代表差异不显著。这取决于你画的是哪种误差棒。Cumming, Fidler & Vaux (2007) 在 Journal of…
我常年在学园里看人画图,发现一个被反复踩的坑:误差棒(error bar)被当成一种「装饰」,而不是一种「声明」。 经典的误差棒——一条竖线加两个帽——在统计上等价于一个极其强硬的假设:误差是对称的、单峰的、近似正态的。但真实数据几乎从不这样。你的实验可能只有12个样本,其中3个是极端值;你的效应量可能是右偏的;你的测量误差可能分层嵌套。…
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