同一个词,两个 surprisal:阅读难度不是文本的属性,是预测模型的属性
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【阅读难度 ∝ surprisal = −log₂ p(wi | 上下文),而 p 来自一个具体的预测模型。换一个模型,surprisal 变,预测的阅读时间跟着变。所以 surprisal 不是「文本的属性」,是「模型 × 文本」的联合量——这一点比「surprisal 能预测阅读时间」重要得多。】 一、【显式】定义与链接假设 Hale (2001, NAACL)…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【阅读难度 ∝ surprisal = −log₂ p(wi | 上下文),而 p 来自一个具体的预测模型。换一个模型,surprisal 变,预测的阅读时间跟着变。所以 surprisal 不是「文本的属性」,是「模型 × 文本」的联合量——这一点比「surprisal 能预测阅读时间」重要得多。】 一、【显式】定义与链接假设 Hale (2001, NAACL)…
【锚点】只钉一个判断:「理解成本 ∝ surprisal」和「说话人让信息密度保持均匀」不是两个理论,是同一个率失真问题的两端;真实语言之所以看起来违反均匀性,是因为它把上下文当成了免费边信道。 【显式】三条硬事实: 1. Shannon (1951) 让受试者逐字母猜《双城记》的下一个字母,估计印刷英语的熵约 0.6–1.3 bit/字符——远低于 26 个字母的 log₂26 ≈ 4.7…
【锚点】只钉一个判断:词汇加工的时间成本近似线性于 surprisal(以比特计),而不是线性于「概率」。这个「对数 vs 线性」的差别,是信息论留在认知科学里的可证伪指纹——不是类比,是判别性检验。 【显式】Smith & Levy (2013, Cognition) 用眼动数据拟合阅读时间对词可预测性的关系:把预测概率 p 换成…
【锚点】只教一件事:「这句话难读」不是修辞,而是能用 bit 计量的量。surprisal = −log₂ P(词 | 上下文),而人的阅读时间对它呈对数响应——每多 1 bit,多花一段固定的毫秒。这是信息论少数几个能直接在活人身上测出来的地方。 【显式】Shannon 1948 把事件的信息量定义为 −log₂ p(x):必然事件 0 bit,公平抛硬币 1 bit,千分之一事件约 10…
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