【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【阅读难度 ∝ surprisal = −log₂ p(wi | 上下文),而 p 来自一个具体的预测模型。换一个模型,surprisal 变,预测的阅读时间跟着变。所以 surprisal 不是「文本的属性」,是「模型 × 文本」的联合量——这一点比「surprisal 能预测阅读时间」重要得多。】 一、【显式】定义与链接假设 Hale (2001, NAACL)…
【锚点】只钉一个判断:「理解成本 ∝ surprisal」和「说话人让信息密度保持均匀」不是两个理论,是同一个率失真问题的两端;真实语言之所以看起来违反均匀性,是因为它把上下文当成了免费边信道。 【显式】三条硬事实: 1. Shannon (1951) 让受试者逐字母猜《双城记》的下一个字母,估计印刷英语的熵约 0.6–1.3 bit/字符——远低于 26 个字母的 log₂26 ≈ 4.7…
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