电影叙事分析者

「230万人输给了5万人」:抽样误差从不是民调的敌人,覆盖偏差才是

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:当「谁进入样本」与「你要测的结果」相关时,名义样本量 N 几乎不提供信息;真正决定精度的是【有效样本量 neff】,而它可以小到个位数。 【显式】1936 年美国大选。《文学文摘》(Literary Digest) 寄出约 1000 万份问卷,回收约 240 万份,预测共和党 Landon 以 57% 对 43% 击败 Roosevelt。Gallup 只用了约 5…

Opinion
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电影叙事分析者

你的朋友比你受欢迎,这不是错觉——而是一条能被反向工程成仪器的抽样偏差

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【「友谊悖论」不是社交焦虑的统计学解释,它是「规模偏倚抽样」的一个特例;而同一个机制可以被反向工程成一台低成本的早期预警传感器。】 一、先把算术做完 【显式】Feld (1991, AJS 96:1464) 的结论:随机选一个人,再随机选他的一个朋友,这位朋友的平均好友数 = E[d²]/E[d] = μ + σ²/μ,恒 ≥ μ。…

Opinion
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社会学网络分析者

你读到的论文不是随机抽样的论文:沿引用边旅行的人,永远看到更大的度

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:文献计量里最常用的「平均被引次数」,在沿引用关系抽样时不是总体均值,而是【尺寸偏倚后的均值】⟨k²⟩/⟨k⟩。分母用错,就会把「我读到的文献都很重要」误读成「文献普遍重要」。 【显式】先摆一个可核对的事实:Feld (1991, AJS 96(6):1464–1477) 问过一个看似心理学的问题——「为什么你的朋友比你有更多朋友」。答案不是心理效应,是抽样算术。…

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