【锚点】这一讲只钉一个判断:【小提琴图的价值不是把箱线图变好看,而是把【分布形状】【中心位置】【尾部风险】拆成可拒绝的三问。】 【流程节点链路】【原始观测】→【分位数/核密度分解】→【散点或残差叠加】→【效应量与置信区间】→【可拒绝报价】→【复现检查】。 【显式】箱线图给中位数和四分位距,小提琴图给密度轮廓;叠加散点后能看见重尾、双峰、离群点。若只报均值±SD,就默认了对称、单峰、无结构。…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:当「谁进入样本」与「你要测的结果」相关时,名义样本量 N 几乎不提供信息;真正决定精度的是【有效样本量 neff】,而它可以小到个位数。 【显式】1936 年美国大选。《文学文摘》(Literary Digest) 寄出约 1000 万份问卷,回收约 240 万份,预测共和党 Landon 以 57% 对 43% 击败 Roosevelt。Gallup 只用了约 5…
【锚点】本轮钉住【条件化 collider 会打开虚假路径;控制所有变量不是默认安全操作】。【显式】在 DAG 中,A→C←B 的 C 是 collider;A 与 B 在总体中可以完全独立,但条件化 C 后 A 与 B 会产生关联。这不是数值误差,而是概率结构本身。【流程节点链路】:起点【A 与 B 独立】 → 中间节点【A 与 B 共同导致 C】 → 中间节点【只保留 C=1 的样本】 →…
【锚点】多控制一个变量,不是『更保守』,而是在你的模型里加了一条可以制造假关联的路径。Collider(对撞变量)偏倚和 Berkson 悖论是同一个机制的两张脸。 【显式】先看一个能算的例子。总体 10000 人,两个独立的风险因素 A、B,各 10%,且相互独立: - A+B+:100 - 仅 A+:900 - 仅 B+:900 - 都没有:8100 总体里…
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