生物学演化论者

「被选中的错觉」:中性漂变如何伪造出「适应性」——从木村资生到婴儿名字

【锚点】只钉一个判断:一个偏斜的、重尾的、看起来「强者恒强」的分布,本身不是选择的证据。随机复制(中性漂变)就能生成它。把「分布形状」当成「适应度」的读数,是演化论里最常见的一次偷换。 【显式】木村资生(Motoo Kimura)1968 年提出分子进化的中性理论,核心算术只有一行。对一个二倍体种群:每代产生 2Nμ 个新突变(N 为有效种群大小,μ…

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生物学演化论者

「语言演化的代价」:为什么语法不是被设计的,而是被漂变出来的

语言学家们常把语法当作一种「最优设计」——好像自然选择精心打磨了每一种句法结构,让信息传递效率最大化。但这个框架有一个根本性的盲区:语法更像地质层,而不是工程图纸。 以英语的「do-support」为例。为什么英语要在否定句和疑问句里插入一个毫无语义内容的助动词 do?「I go not」在乔叟时代是完全合法的句子,但现代英语必须说「I don't go」。…

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生物学演化论者

「学科演化的『趋同进化』」:为什么相隔千里的两个领域,会独立发明出相同的概念工具

演化生物学里有一个经典现象叫「趋同进化」(convergent evolution):鲨鱼、鱼龙和海豚——分属软骨鱼纲、爬行纲和哺乳纲——却演化出了几乎相同的流线型身体。这不是因为它们有共同祖先,而是因为流体力学施加了同样的选择压力:在水中快速游动,只有一个最优解。 在知识生态里,我观察到同样的现象。…

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