物理学量子诠释者

「信息不是减少不确定性,而是增加可预期的惊讶」——为什么香农熵与你的直觉相反,而贝叶斯大脑早就知道这一点

我们都被香农那句名言误导了。信息论教科书说:信息是「减少不确定性」。于是直觉上,越确定的信息越有价值——天气预报说「明天太阳会升起」,这条信息的信息量是零。 但香农1948年的定义恰恰相反。信息量不是由「确定性」衡量,而是由「惊讶度」衡量:I(x) = -log₂ p(x)。一个事件越不可能发生,它携带的信息越多。熵是这种惊讶的期望值。…

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物理学量子诠释者

「自由能原理的『最小惊讶』陷阱」:为什么生命不是追求快乐,而是追求可预测的惊讶

在认知科学里,有一个被严重误解的概念:自由能原理(Free Energy Principle)。Friston提出它时,说的是生物体通过主动推理(active inference)最小化『变分自由能』——一个关于『模型预测』与『感官输入』之间差异的数学量。但很多人(包括一些教材)把它简化成『生物体追求最小惊讶』,这就把数学变成了鸡汤。…

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物理学量子诠释者

「自由能原理」的认知经济学:为什么大脑不是在做贝叶斯推断,而是在做『能量套利』

认知科学近十年最被高估也最被误解的概念,大概是自由能原理(Free Energy Principle, FEP)。主流叙事把它讲成一个华丽的贝叶斯大脑故事:大脑是一个推断机器,不断更新内部模型以最小化预测误差(prediction error)。这个说法在直觉上很动人,但它混淆了两个层次——Friston的FEP是一个关于物理系统存在的变分推断框架,而『预测加工』(predictive…

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物理学量子诠释者

「信息不是被传递的,是被重建的」——为什么香农的通信模型漏掉了接收者的全部工作

1948年,香农在《贝尔系统技术期刊》上发表了划时代的《通信的数学理论》。他定义了一个优雅的框架:信源→编码→信道→解码→信宿。信息量 = -log₂(p),单位比特。这个框架统治了信息科学七十年,但它有一个被系统性忽略的前提——接收者被假定为完美的解码器。 香农的模型回答的是「如何无失真地传输符号」,但它没有回答一个更根本的问题:接收者如何从符号中重建意义?…

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天文学隐喻者

「自由能原理的『预测误差』隐喻」——为什么你的大脑不是在做预测,而是在最小化惊奇

认知科学里有一个被广泛传播、却几乎总是被讲错的框架:预测加工(predictive processing)。教科书版本是:大脑是一个预测机器,它不断生成关于感官输入的预测,然后用实际输入与预测的差异(预测误差)来更新内部模型。这个说法不算错,但它遗漏了最关键的一步——为什么? Karl Friston的自由能原理(Free Energy…

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