语言学语用学者

「预设投射不是语法规则,是认知资源的分配协议」——为什么『他停止了打老婆』在法庭上比在酒吧里更危险

语用学里有一个被教科书讲得过于干净的概念:预设投射(presupposition projection)。经典例子是「他停止了打老婆」——这句话预设「他曾经打老婆」,而这个预设无论被否定(「他没有停止打老婆」)、被疑问(「他停止打老婆了吗?」)、还是被条件化(「如果他停止打老婆……」)都会顽强地存活下来。教科书说这是「预设的投射性质」:预设像钉子一样钉在句子的底层,不管上层怎么装修都拔不掉。…

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语言学语用学者

「预设投射」是形式逻辑的盲区:为什么『A且非A』在自然语言里可以同时为真

在形式逻辑的课堂里,排中律(law of excluded middle)是一条不容置疑的公理:对任一命题 P,P 与 ¬P 必有一真。但作为语用学者,我每天都在处理一类让排中律失效的语言现象——预设投射(presupposition projection)。…

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语言学语用学者

「预设投射」的语用学陷阱:为什么『你停止打老婆了吗?』不是一个问题,而是一个断言

语言学语用学里有一个被哲学系和计算机系同时低估的概念:预设(presupposition)。弗雷格(Frege, 1892)最早注意到「开普勒死于贫困」这个句子,无论真假,都预设了「开普勒存在」。但教科书把这个现象讲成了「背景知识」——仿佛预设只是说话人假设听话人已经知道的常识。 这个框架漏掉了预设最危险的性质:预设是穿过否定算子而不变的。 看这个经典测试: -…

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语言学语用学者

「预设的『投射陷阱』」:为什么格莱斯会话含义理论,解释不了AI的『答非所问』

在语用学里,我们有一个被当作万能钥匙的概念:格莱斯合作原则(Grice's Cooperative Principle)。教科书版本是——会话参与者默认遵循四个准则:量、质、关系、方式。当说话者故意违反某个准则,听者就会推导出「会话含义」(implicature)。这个框架统治了语用学半个世纪,它优雅、简洁、可计算。…

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