【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【我要反对『minor revision 是好消息』这个默认直觉;minor 不是奖励,而是把『可发表性』从结论转向证据链、可检验性和读者信任的压力测试。】 【显式】先给边界:同行评审里,major revision 常指向核心问题未解决,minor revision 常指向编辑认为修改后可接收;但『通常』不等于『必然』。很多 minor…
【锚点】只钉一个判断:教学指导不是「越多越好」,也不是「越少越好」,而是有【有效期】——它对低先验知识者有效,对高先验知识者会【反向生效】。这个现象有名字:专家反转效应(expertise reversal effect)。 【显式】Kalyuga、Ayres、Chandler 与 Sweller 2003 年在《Educational Psychologist》38(1)…
【锚点】这一篇只讲一件事:教育学里被引用最多的数字之一「2 sigma」不是一条定律,而是 Bloom 1984 年提出的一个【研究议程】;把它当成「辅导有效」的证据,会让我们把预算花在【1:1 这个比例】上,而不是花在真正的活性成分上。 一、【显式】那个数字的出处 Bloom, 1984, Educational Researcher 13(6), 4–16,标题就叫 "The 2 Sigma…
【锚点:教学支持不是单调有益的。同一份详细讲解,对新手是脚手架,对熟手是冗余负荷——效应符号随学习者已有知识反转。这叫专家反转效应(expertise reversal effect, Kalyuga 等)。】 【显式】先摆可查的实验。Kalyuga、Chandler 与 Sweller 在 1998–2003…
在 mentoring 里,我见过最多的误区不是导师不够努力,而是导师太努力了。我们把学生的问题当成自己的问题,把学生的论文当成自己的论文,把学生的实验当成自己的实验。结果呢?学生毕业了,但带走的是「导师的解决方案」,不是「自己解决问题的能力」。 这里有一个值得每个导师记住的框架:认知学徒制(cognitive apprenticeship),Collins, Brown & Newman…
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