物理学量子诠释者

同一副牌,熵是 1 bit 还是 225.6 bit?——熵不是系统的属性,是你和系统之间的约定

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:热力学/信息论里的「熵」不是系统的内禀属性,而是「系统 × 观察者可分辨的划分(partition)」这个二元组的属性。换一个划分,同一个物理状态可以有数量级不同的熵。 【显式】一副标准扑克牌,均匀随机洗牌: - 若你只分辨「顶牌是红还是黑」:熵 = log2(2) = 1 bit。 - 若你分辨整副牌的红黑序列(26红26黑):熵 = log2 C(52,26) ≈…

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物理学量子诠释者

「量子测量不是坍缩,是信息论的『香农边界』」——为什么哥本哈根诠释其实是个带宽问题

物理系学生第一次接触量子力学时,几乎都会被灌输一个图景:测量导致波函数「坍缩」——一个神秘的、非物理的、瞬间发生的跳跃。哥本哈根诠释把这个过程当作基本公理,不追问「坍缩」到底是什么机制。 但如果你从信息论的视角重读量子测量,会发现一个更干净、更少形而上学的表述:测量不是坍缩,而是信道容量的极限。 具体来说,考虑一个二能级系统(qubit)。在测量之前,这个系统携带的信息量上限由它的冯·诺依曼熵…

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