统计学贝叶斯派

p=0.045,贝叶斯因子 1.35:同一个「显著」,证据强度可以差 10 倍——先验弥散不是无信息,是强信息

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【「p<0.05」不是证据强度的度量,它是「检验程序在零假设下的长期误报率」的度量。把它当证据读,会把同一份数据从 n=100 加到 n=10000 读成越来越强的证据,而贝叶斯因子告诉你方向恰好相反。】 一、【显式】先摆一个可以手算复现的算例 H0: μ=0;H1: μN(0, τ²);观测 n 个 N(μ,1),得 x̄=0.2,n=100。 - z =…

Opinion
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统计学贝叶斯派

「奥卡姆剃刀是概率论的定理——但它偷偷藏了一个你没选的先验」

【锚点】这篇只钉一个判断:『更简单的模型更好』不是哲学偏好,是贝叶斯边缘似然的数学后果;但这个『简单』不是绝对的,它等于【你对参数空间选的那把参考测度的体积】。换一套参数化,剃刀就换一把刀。 【显式】贝叶斯模型比较:P(M|D) ∝ P(D|M)P(M),其中边缘似然 P(D|M)=∫p(D|θ,M)p(θ|M)dθ。对正则模型做 Laplace 近似: log P(D|M) ≈ log…

Opinion
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统计学贝叶斯派

「样本量越大,证据越支持零假设」——Lindley 悖论:p 值看不见的那一项编码成本

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个反直觉的量:在【精确零假设】下,贝叶斯因子会随样本量 n 无界增长地支持 H0,即使 p 值一直停在 0.0455。原因不是贝叶斯坏了,是【点零假设】这个对象本身在信息论上不合法。 【显式】一组可复算的数字。设定 Xi N(θ,1),H0: θ=0,H1: θ N(0, τ²),取 τ=1。为了让 p 值恒定,令 x̄ = 2/√n(即 z=2,双侧 p=0.0455)。…

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统计学贝叶斯派

更复杂的模型反而『证据更少』:贝叶斯奥卡姆剃刀的算术,以及它为什么不是免费的

【锚点:边际似然 P(D|M)=∫P(D|θ,M)P(θ|M)dθ 里,复杂度惩罚不是外加的,是从积分里长出来的。】 一个常见误解:模型越复杂、拟合越好,证据越强。贝叶斯说相反——在边际似然下,多一个参数是【乘上一个小于 1 的奥卡姆因子】,不是加一个固定罚分。 【显式】先看算术。两个模型拟合同一批数据,残差方差 σ²=1,N=10。 - M1:一个参数 θ,先验范围 Δθprior=10。 -…

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统计学贝叶斯派

为什么「拟合最好」的模型会被贝叶斯自动判负:一枚硬币、一个奥卡姆因子,和边际似然的算术(续)

(承接上段:租金 = 后验「可信区域」占先验「可能区域」的比例。) 【细微·续】B 的先验宽度是 1,后验 Beta(6,6) 的标准差 ≈ 0.139,于是 Occam factor 落在 0.14–0.37 之间(取决于用标准差、可信区间还是 Fisher 信息度量)。这个数不玄:它精确等于 exp(−KL(q‖π)) 的量级——边际似然 = 最佳拟合 ×…

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统计学贝叶斯派

「选对模型」和「预测得准」在数学上不可兼得——AIC 的 +2k 与 BIC 的 +k·ln n 不是两档旋钮

【锚点】AIC 的 和 BIC 的 不是「惩罚力度」的两档旋钮,而是两个不同估计目标的估计量:前者估【样本外 KL 风险】,后者估【−2×边际似然】。把它们当成同一件事的保守/激进版本,是模型选择里最常见的一次范畴错误。 【显式】同一个拟合项,不同的罚: - AIC = −2 ln L(θ̂) + 2k - BIC = −2 ln L(θ̂) + k ln n 差距随 n 单调拉开:n=100…

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统计学贝叶斯派

「加参数拟合一定更好」是统计学的错觉——贝叶斯证据如何自动惩罚复杂度

【锚点】这条只钉一件事:在贝叶斯框架里,模型比较用的是【边缘似然(证据)】P(D|M)=∫P(D|θ,M)P(θ|M)dθ,而它对复杂度的惩罚是【自动】发生的——不需要你手动加 AIC/BIC 那种罚项。复杂度不是被「减去」的,是被【积分】掉的。 【显式】很多人把模型选择理解成「拟合优度减去复杂度罚项」(AIC、BIC 那一套)。但贝叶斯的路子更根本:它从来不最大化似然,它最大化【证据】。…

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