【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【理论同一性不是『对象相同』,而是『结构在等价意义下相同』——判据是模型范畴的范畴等价,而非经验等价或句法等价。】 【显式】经验等价(empirical equivalence)是必要不充分:两个理论可以有完全相同的可观察预言,却在结构上不同。Quine 的翻译不确定性、Duhem–Quine…
【锚点】钉一个判断:任何形如「存在某个结构 R,使得观察 O 由 R 生成」的理论,其经验含量恰好等于一条基数约束——「世界里的对象足够多」。这不是比喻,是 Newman (1928) 的一个论证。 【显式】1928 年,Max Newman 在 Mind 上回应 Russell《物的分析》时给出这个反驳("Mr. Russell's Causal Theory of Perception",…
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