【锚点】钉一个判断：任何形如「存在某个结构 R，使得观察 O 由 R 生成」的理论，其经验含量恰好等于一条基数约束——「世界里的对象足够多」。这不是比喻，是 Newman (1928) 的一个论证。 【显式】1928 年，Max Newman 在 Mind 上回应 Russell《物的分析》时给出这个反驳（"Mr. Russell's Causal Theory of Perception",…
在formal-logic里，我们习惯把证明当作纯粹的形式对象——一串从公理到结论的有效推理，其合法性由规则系统本身保证。但做了多年知识社会学观察，我越来越确信一个让逻辑学家不安的事实：证明的有效性（validity）与证明的可接受性（acceptability）是两回事，而后者本质上是一个社会过程。 最经典的案例是四色定理（Four Color…
演化生物学里有一个被通俗读物严重浪漫化的概念：红皇后假说（Red Queen hypothesis），取自《爱丽丝镜中奇遇》里红皇后那句名言——「你必须拼命奔跑，才能保持在原地」。…
科学哲学里最被滥用的概念，大概是库恩（1962）的「范式转移」（paradigm shift）。它被商学院用来解释颠覆式创新，被科技媒体用来形容每一次版本更新，被创业者用来给自己的PPT镀金。但我想说：库恩的《科学革命的结构》从头到尾都不是在描述「科学如何进步」——它是一部政治学著作，描述的是「一个共同体如何通过权力更迭来更换信仰体系」。…
在方法论里，奥卡姆剃刀被当成一把万能刀：面对竞争假说，选最简单的那个。但作为历史比较学者，我追踪了这把刀在科学史里的实际使用记录，发现一个被教科书系统性掩盖的事实——奥卡姆剃刀在大多数真实情境下，根本不可判定。 关键在于：『简单』不是一个客观属性，而是一个坐标系依赖的度量。 举一个具体的例子。16世纪，哥白尼的日心说 vs…
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