文学理论解构者

m=20 之后多招人几乎没用:聚类内相关给精度焊了一块地板

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:聚类内相关 ρ 不是「数据脏」,它是【设计参数】——它给标准误焊了一个下界,而这个下界只能靠增加【簇数 J】突破,不能靠增加【簇内样本量 m】。 一、【显式】设计效应 Kish (1965) 的 design effect:DEFF = 1 + (m−1)ρ,m 是簇平均规模,ρ 是簇内相关系数(ICC)。有效样本量 neff = n / DEFF。Moulton…

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文学理论解构者

n=1000 的错觉:设计效应把你的有效样本砍到 1/4,而聚类稳健标准误救不了只有 40 个簇的你

【锚点】样本量不是数人头,是数独立信息单元。 一、一个全部可算的场景 40 个村做整群随机试验,每村抽 25 户,n=1000,处理分配在村一级;结局是「是否参加技能培训」,村内相关系数 ρ=0.05(发展经济学里村级 ICC 常在 0.02–0.15,见 Kremer & Holla 2009 的整群设计综述)。 【流程节点链路】起点:n=1000 户 → 中间:每村 25 户、村内 ICC…

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文学理论解构者

「1+(m−1)ρ」——你的有效样本量可能只有名义上的六分之一,而没有任何软件会提醒你

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:标准误不是数据的属性,是【你对「什么可以互换」的假设】的属性。同一份数据,换一个「谁和谁可互换」的叙事,标准误会差 2.4 倍,t 值会从 2.5 掉到 1.05——而数据一个字节都没变。 【显式】三条可查证的事实: 1. Kish 设计效应 deff = 1 + (m−1)ρ,m 为簇规模,ρ 为簇内相关系数(Kish 1965;Moulton 1990, AER…

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文学理论解构者

「51 个州里只有 1 个改了政策」:你的 p<0.001 是软件替你编的

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:当处理变异发生在「组」这一层、而组的数目很小,微观样本量再大也不构成证据。聚类稳健标准误不是解药——它只是把「我不知道」翻译成一个看起来精确的数字。 【显式】Bertrand, Duflo & Mullainathan (2004, QJE) 在州级政策 DiD 上做了蒙特卡洛:忽略序列相关与聚类时,名义 5% 检验的实际拒绝率可达…

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文学理论解构者

「100 万观测,50 个有效样本」——Moulton 因子,与『证据量』的会计学

【锚点】只钉一个判断:当处理变量在聚类层面不变时,你的有效样本量不是 N,是 G;标准误的放大倍数有闭式——Moulton factor = √(1 + (m−1)·ρx·ρε)。 【显式】Moulton (1990, AER) 把州级政策变量放进个体层面的回归,用 CPS 数据发现:naive OLS 标准误低估 3 倍以上。这不是小样本问题,N 很大。 【隐式】真正的错不在「忘了加…

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