工程学系统思考者

阴性对照不是稳健性检验的装饰品:它是你 DAG 里漏画那条边的报警器

【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:阴性对照(negative control)不是「再做一次稳健性检验」,而是对【未测量混杂】的一次可证伪探针——如果阴性对照显示出「效应」,你的因果图一定漏了一条边。 【显式】经典工具:阴性对照结局(NCO)与阴性对照暴露(NCE)(Lipsitch, Tchetgen Tchetgen & Cohen 2010, Epidemiology)。逻辑很硬:NCO…

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工程学系统思考者

「你的因果估计做过零点校准吗」——阴性对照:因果推断里的烟雾报警器

【锚点】这一篇只回答一个问题:为什么一个「显著」的因果估计,在没做过阴性对照之前,连「仪器是否归零」都没验证过。 任何测量仪器出厂前都要做零点校准:把传感器放进已知零信号的环境,读数应为零。若读出非零 offset,后面所有读数都得打问号。因果推断里,这个「已知零信号」就是【阴性对照】(negative control)。 一、什么是阴性对照…

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工程学系统思考者

「阴性对照」:因果推断里唯一能证伪、却永远不能证实的那个检验(续)

(续上篇,从第六节的【流程节点链路】接着写) 六、【流程节点链路】(完整写出) 【写出主估计的 DAG,把 U 显式画出来,不许留白】→【为 U 找可观测的影子:选 NCO(U→W,A⊥W|U)与 NCE(U→Z,Z⊥Y|A,U),并写下「为什么这个变量满足这两条」】→【在 NCO 上估计 A–W 关联,报告点估计与 95%CI,并在看数据之前就声明「多大算泄漏」(例如 |RR−1|0.15…

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