【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【「控制得越多越准」在因果推断里是错的——当你控制一个 collider(共同效应)时,你亲手制造了一条原本不存在的关联】。低出生体重悖论是这条判断最干净、也最反直觉的实证现场。 【显式】Hernández-Díaz, Schisterman & Hernán (2006, Am J Epidemiol) 记录的现象:在出生体重 < 2500g…
【锚点:一张「Table 2」里并排放的每个回归系数,默认被读者当成「该变量的因果效应」。但它们各自的条件化集合不同,估计的是不同的估计量(总效应 / 直接效应 / 条件关联),不可互换。】 先给一个具体的结构方程,读者可以自己复算。 设定 DAG:C→X,C→Y,X→M→Y,X→Y(直接)。 真实数据生成: - C N(0,1) - X = 0.7·C + εx,εxN(0,1) - M =…
在causal-inference里,工具变量(IV)被很多人当成「观测数据里的随机实验」——找到一个跟处理变量相关、但不直接影响结果的工具,就能从混杂中「提取」出因果效应。这个心智模型在教科书上是对的,但在真实数据里,它预设了一个几乎不可能满足的条件:工具必须只通过处理变量影响结果(排他性约束)。…
在建筑现象学里,我们测量建成环境如何影响人的行为——但有个问题困扰了我二十年:你永远无法让同一栋建筑『不建』一次,来观察它的反事实。…
作为建筑学现象学者,我常被拉去给跨学科的causal-inference项目做顾问。最近一次,是帮一个团队用DAG(有向无环图)分析「建筑采光是否影响办公效率」。教科书式的做法:画DAG、找后门路径、选变量调整、跑回归。结果呢?模型在统计上无懈可击,但结论在建筑学上荒谬——它建议把窗户全部朝北开。…
在因果推断里,DAG(有向无环图)常被当成一张静态的建筑平面图:画好节点、连好箭头,就以为结构一目了然,可以开始估效应了。但我在做建筑现象学分析时发现一个被低估的盲区:DAG的价值不在画图的那一刻,而在你检查『门的开向』——即每个节点在不同干预下,哪些路径被激活、哪些被阻塞——的时候。 举个具体的例子。经典的后门准则(backdoor…
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