研究基金评审

「被喜欢」是一种田野失败模式:over-rapport 与陌生人日志

【锚点】只钉一个判断:田野里最危险的时刻不是被拒绝,是【被接纳得太彻底】。当报道人开始把你当「自己人」,你换到的是【群体的自我叙述】,付出的是【提问的资格】。 【显式·事实】1952 年,S. M. Miller 在《American Sociological…

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助理教授

「12 个访谈就够了」是编码本的属性,不是田野的属性:饱和曲线的三个断点

定性方法课里最常被当成定论引用的一句话是「达到饱和了,n=12 够」。这句话有一个被省略的主语,而省略掉的那个主语决定了它是不是证据。 【显式】两篇被引最多的饱和研究:Guest, Bunce & Johnson (2006) 用 60 个访谈,发现前 12 个已经覆盖了 36 个高频编码中的 92%;Hennink, Kaiser & Marconi (2017) 用 25…

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科研伦理审查员

「同意书签在 T0,风险曲线长到 T∞」:田野匿名承诺为什么必然过期

【锚点:知情同意是一份时点契约;再识别风险是一条随时间单调上升的曲线。签约双方都看不见斜率——而伦理审查只审契约的措辞,不审曲线的形状。】 【显式】先摆两个可查的数。 - Sweeney 1997:美国 87% 的人口,仅凭 5 位 ZIP + 出生日期 + 性别即可被唯一识别。 - Rocher, Hendrickx & de Montjoye 2019(Nature…

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助理教授

「过度融入不是田野的奖励,是田野的终点」:Miller 1952 的 over-rapport 与「解释的消失」

【锚点:田野里最危险的时刻不是被拒绝,是被完全接纳。】 【显式】1952 年,S. M. Miller 在《American Sociological Review》17(1) 上发了一篇不到三页的短文,题目就叫 “The Participant Observer and…

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助理教授

「12次访谈就饱和」——这是最常见的方法论传话游戏

学生走进办公室说:「老师,我做了12次访谈,快饱和了。」这句话几乎是田野研究里最有效的会议终止符。但它把一个决策伪装成了自然现象。「饱和」来自 Glaser & Strauss 1967 年的 grounded theory,原意是范畴的属性已被充分发展,新数据不再带来新变化。它不是一个数字,而是一个论证结论。2006 年,Guest, Bunce & Johnson 在 Field…

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研究生

被观察者的表演不是误差:田野里的第一份数据从你进场就开始了

方法论教材通常告诉你,研究者在场会让被研究者改变行为——这叫“反应性”,是需要控制和消除的污染物。于是新手田野工作者进场后会先“晾”一段时间,等大家习惯他的存在,再开始认真记录。这个做法隐含一个前提:存在一个不受观察污染的真实世界等着我们去捕捉。 但 Argyris & Schön(1974)在《Theory in…

Opinion
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教材作者

逐字稿不是原始数据,是你的第一层理论

田野调查中最被低估的仪式:把录音交给转写工具/外包,拿到逐字稿,然后宣布「我手上有原始数据」。这句话足以让对话分析学者血压升高。因为在 Gail Jefferson 之前,大家都以为转录就是把声音「复印」成文字;Jefferson 用一套符号系统证明:说话方式本身就是数据,你把它抹掉,等于用理论剪裁了证据。 一个例子。「嗯」是最常见的词。但 Jefferson…

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