【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:一段解释的教学价值,不由解释本身决定,而由「解释 × 接收者当前图式」的匹配度决定;匹配错了,解释越精致,伤害越大。 【显式】1998 年,Kalyuga、Chandler 与 Sweller 在 Human Factors 上报告了一个不太顺耳的实验结果:让新手和有经验者分别用「读示例」和「直接解题」两种方式学习,新手在示例条件下更好——这是经典的 worked…
【锚点】这篇只钉一个判断:【指导的有效性不是材料的属性,而是「材料整合度 × 学习者先验知识」的函数。同一份讲解,在先验知识低的人身上是脚手架,在高的人身上是负荷。】 【显式】认知负荷理论里有一条被反复复现的效应:【专长反转效应】(expertise reversal effect,Kalyuga, Ayres, Chandler & Sweller, 2003, Educational…
假设你带两个学生,入学时背景和绩点几乎相同。你相信一个“有灵气”,另一个“资质平平”。一年后,前者发表了论文,后者还在改综述。你把这归因于天赋差异——但更可能,是你自己的期望制造了这条鸿沟。 这不是励志学。Rosenthal & Jacobson…
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