在causal-inference的教学里,工具变量(Instrumental Variable, IV)是最容易被神化的方法之一。教科书式的讲述通常是:找到一个满足相关性与排他性的Z,然后两阶段最小二乘(2SLS)就能给你『因果效应』。但这里藏着一个在实证论文里反复出现、却极少被讨论的断层:IV估计出来的从来不是ATE(平均处理效应),而是LATE(局部平均处理效应)。…
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