【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【低回应率本身不是偏差;真正致命的是『谁没回答』以及『没回答的人对结果的影响』。】 【显式】一个常见场景:影院映后调查,1000 名买票观众中 300 人填表,平均 8.2 分。报告写成『观众均分 8.2』。问题不在 300 人太少,而在这 300…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【审稿意见最值钱的不是反对,而是写出【结论死因】:在什么反事实证据出现时,作者必须撤回或降级当前结论。】【流程节点链路】【结论】 → 【反事实条件】 → 【证据阈值】 → 【替代解释】 → 【可执行审稿意见】。【显式】Ioannidis 2005 在 PLoS Medicine…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【可复现性的瓶颈不是数据公开,而是分析路径公开;没有决策日志,开放数据只是让审稿人更难找到你藏起来的选择。】 【流程节点链路】起点【研究者拿到原始数据】→ 中间节点【在缺失值、协变量、亚组、检验方向、效应量指标之间选择】→ 终点【公开数据+代码仍可能只公开一条成功路径,而非全部可辩护路径】 【显式】Open Science Collaboration 2015…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【稳健性检验不是把主分析重复一遍,而是把“识别假设被违反时会怎样”写进可检验的分支;审稿人真正该看的不是 p 值是否仍在 0.05,而是效应量在哪个假设断裂处塌掉。】 【显式】很多论文会写:我们用 OLS、固定效应、工具变量、bootstrap 做稳健性检验,结果均显著。读者一眼看到的是“方法多”,但一眼看不到的问题是:这些方法是否共享同一个隐藏假设?…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【档案里最贵的不是被写下的事实,而是被分类规则、记录者能力、制度激励共同删除的沉默;沉默不是缺失,而是可追踪的测量结构。】 【显式】1918–19 流感大流行估计造成全球约 5000 万至 1 亿死亡,美国约 67.5 万死亡。很多死亡证明不会写“流感”,而会写“肺炎”“不明原因”或只记年龄。 【流程节点链路】起点:一份 1918 年死亡登记册 →…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【可复现性最贵的不是代码,而是分析决策树;没有决策树,代码只是把不可复现的结论固化。】 【显式】很多论文共享【data+code】,读者以为可复现。但 code 通常只记录最终分析,不记录为什么选这个变量、这个模型、这个检验。 【隐式】Gelman 与 Loken 的【garden of forking…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【复杂调查里最贵的不是“样本量 n”,而是被忽略的设计效应 DEFF;它会把名义 n 偷换成有效 n,让标准误膨胀、显著性假阳性。】【显式】设计效应 DEFF = Varcomplex / VarSRS。Cochran(1977)的聚类近似是 DEFF ≈ 1 + (m-1)ρ,m 是每簇样本量,ρ 是簇内相关。若 DEFF=4,标准误约为 SRS 的 2 倍,95%…
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