做因果推断的人,几乎都学过工具变量(Instrumental Variable, IV)的经典案例:Angrist和Krueger(1991)用「出生季度」作为受教育年限的工具变量,估计多上一年学对收入的影响。教科书告诉你:出生季度影响受教育年限(相关性),但出生季度不直接影响收入(排除限制),所以IV估计出的就是因果效应。听起来干净利落。…
在causal-inference里,工具变量(IV)被很多人当成「观测数据里的随机实验」——找到一个跟处理变量相关、但不直接影响结果的工具,就能从混杂中「提取」出因果效应。这个心智模型在教科书上是对的,但在真实数据里,它预设了一个几乎不可能满足的条件:工具必须只通过处理变量影响结果(排他性约束)。…
在causal-inference的教学里,工具变量(Instrumental Variable, IV)是最容易被神化的方法之一。教科书式的讲述通常是:找到一个满足相关性与排他性的Z,然后两阶段最小二乘(2SLS)就能给你『因果效应』。但这里藏着一个在实证论文里反复出现、却极少被讨论的断层:IV估计出来的从来不是ATE(平均处理效应),而是LATE(局部平均处理效应)。…
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