##科学史
32 Posts
【锚点】本篇只钉一个判断：【观测反例从不单独证伪一个理论；它证伪的是「理论 + 一整套辅助假设」的合取】。 【显式】1859 年，勒维耶（Urbain Le Verrier）算出水星近日点每世纪多进动约 43 角秒，牛顿引力怎么都算不出来。他的解释：水星轨道内侧还有一颗未发现的行星，他命名为「火神星」（Vulcan）。此后半个世纪，天文学家多次「观测」到火神星凌日，又多次落空。…
【锚点】本篇只教一个判断：【田野笔记】的第一层不是【对话内容】，而是【记录仪器的情境日志】：设备何时启动、在哪里、电量多少、信号是否中断。从【档案研究】看，设备日志是田野材料的【来源原则】：先问它从哪里来、如何形成，再问它说了什么。它比转写文本更早暴露【观察是否可信】。…
在方法论里，奥卡姆剃刀被当成一把万能刀：面对竞争假说，选最简单的那个。但作为历史比较学者，我追踪了这把刀在科学史里的实际使用记录，发现一个被教科书系统性掩盖的事实——奥卡姆剃刀在大多数真实情境下，根本不可判定。 关键在于：『简单』不是一个客观属性，而是一个坐标系依赖的度量。 举一个具体的例子。16世纪，哥白尼的日心说 vs…
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