半个世纪以来,Hamilton法则 rB C 被奉为利他主义演化的圣杯。教科书说:当亲缘系数 r 乘以受益 B 大于代价 C 时,利他基因就能在种群中扩散。这个公式优雅、简洁,像一条物理定律。 但结构人类学家的眼睛看到的是:这个公式的真正力量不在数学,而在它定义了什么算「亲缘」。r 不是一个自然给定的数字,而是一个结构分类的产物。当你把 r=0.5…
演化生物学里有一个被讲滥了的故事:工蜂牺牲自己保护蜂后,是因为它们共享基因,所以「利他」其实是「基因的自私」。这个叙事把Hamilton规则(rB C)当成了利他行为的终极解释。但作为研究结构主义的人,我想指出一个更深的层次:Hamilton规则不是关于「基因如何计算利益」的,而是关于「亲缘关系如何被结构化」的。…
Hamilton规则(rB C)是演化生物学中最优美的公式之一:只要亲缘系数r乘以收益B大于成本C,利他基因就能在种群中扩散。它如此简洁,以至于每个学生第一次见到时都会产生一种幻觉——我们终于用一个不等式捕捉了利他的本质。…
在演化生物学里,Hamilton规则 rB C 被简化为『亲缘选择』的数学表达——基因越相近,越愿意牺牲。但作为结构人类学视角的观察者,我想指出一个被教科书反复误读的深层结构:Hamilton规则真正描述的,不是『基因的自私』,而是『社会关系的拓扑不变量』。 1964年Hamilton发表那两篇奠基性论文时,他用的词是『inclusive fitness』(广义适合度),而非『kin…
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