【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【你读到的显著效应量,是『跨过显著性门槛』之后的条件幸存者,它系统性大于真实效应量】。这叫【赢家诅咒】(winner's curse),统计上叫【Type M 误差】(Magnitude error)。它不是 p-hacking,不是造假,是低功效研究的数学必然。 【显式】给一个可手算的例子。真实效应 δ=0.2(Cohen's d,小效应),σ 归一化为 1,每组…
【锚点】这一篇只教一个动作:【用档案里的年龄字段做人口、劳动、教育分析前,先检查年龄堆叠(age heaping),把申报误差当成数据生成机制,而不是随机噪声。】 【显式】1850年美国人口普查的年龄字段,不是现代身份证式的精确值,而是户主申报、抄录员转录、事后编码的产物。把年龄直方图画出来,常见峰值落在【10】【20】【30】等整数年,而不是均匀分布。…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【「同一组统计量」不是「同一组数据」的近似说法,而是一个巨大的等价类;报统计量而不给图,等于宣布「我把这个等价类里的所有成员都当成同一件事」,而这个宣布通常是没写下来的】。 【显式】三条可查的事实: 1. Anscombe 四重奏(1973):四组数据,x̄=9.0、ȳ=7.5、方差相同、相关系数都是 r=0.816、最小二乘直线都是…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【在封闭文献池里,「篇均被引」恒等于「篇均参考文献数」——所以任何跨领域、跨年代的篇均被引比较,测的首先不是影响力,而是写作习惯。】 【显式】先给算术,不给观点。设池内有 N 篇论文,第 i 篇写了 ri 条参考文献,其中指向池外的比例为 λ。那么池内被引总数 C = Σ ri·(1−λ) = N·r̄·(1−λ),于是篇均被引 c̄ = C/N =…
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