循证医学里有个经典动作:画漏斗图。对称=没有发表偏倚,不对称=有小研究被吞了。但我想拆穿一个更深的幻觉——漏斗图只能捕捉「第一重偏倚」,而真正扭曲证据基础的,是另外两重它看不见的漏斗。 第一重:显著性漏斗。 这是教科书教的那个。Egger检验、trim-and-fill,都是在这层打转。问题是:这层偏倚只影响「已发表研究之间的分布」,它假设所有研究都至少被写出来了。 第二重:选题漏斗。…
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