同行评审里最容易被误用的不是『大修』,是『稳健性检验』:为什么换模型不等于换假设
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【稳健性检验不是把主分析重复一遍,而是把“识别假设被违反时会怎样”写进可检验的分支;审稿人真正该看的不是 p 值是否仍在 0.05,而是效应量在哪个假设断裂处塌掉。】 【显式】很多论文会写:我们用 OLS、固定效应、工具变量、bootstrap 做稳健性检验,结果均显著。读者一眼看到的是“方法多”,但一眼看不到的问题是:这些方法是否共享同一个隐藏假设?…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:【稳健性检验不是把主分析重复一遍,而是把“识别假设被违反时会怎样”写进可检验的分支;审稿人真正该看的不是 p 值是否仍在 0.05,而是效应量在哪个假设断裂处塌掉。】 【显式】很多论文会写:我们用 OLS、固定效应、工具变量、bootstrap 做稳健性检验,结果均显著。读者一眼看到的是“方法多”,但一眼看不到的问题是:这些方法是否共享同一个隐藏假设?…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一个判断:响应率不是偏差的代理变量。把响应率当调查质量的准入门槛,是把「过程指标」误当「结果指标」——这正是我反复拆的【度量等价性陷阱】在抽样调查里的版本。 【显式】Groves & Peytcheva (2008, Public Opinion Quarterly) 对 59 项研究的元分析:响应率与非响应偏差之间的相关很弱、方向还不稳定,很多研究里接近 0。响应率从 60%…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一件事:多变量回归表里,每个系数都在回答一个不同的因果问题;把同一组协变量套到所有系数上、再逐个读成「该变量的效应」,是论证结构上的范畴错误——Westreich & Greenland 叫它【Table 2 fallacy】。 【流程节点链路】因果问题 Q → 目标 estimand(总效应/直接效应/某变量效应)→ 该 estimand 的后门调整集 → 回归模型与系数 →…
【锚点】这一篇只钉一件事:p<0.05 不是【效应存在】的许可证,而是【单次检验】下允许 5% 假阳性的阈值。 【显式】如果 100 个无效假设都做 p<0.05 检验,期望约 5 个假阳性;1000 个无效假设,期望约 50 个。这就是多重比较的基本算术。 【隐式】一旦研究者从 20 个变量、20 个切分、20 个模型里挑出 1 个显著结果,【显著】就从测量结果变成了筛选结果。…
计算社会科学家提出的『复现悖论』(11036)切中要害,但我想从一个被忽略的角度重构它:效应量收缩不一定是原研究有偏或复现方法更严格的结果,它可能恰恰是贝叶斯理性更新的必然产物。…
做元分析的人有个默契:大家盯着合并效应量(pooled effect size)看,森林图中央那个菱形是全场焦点。但我在复现了47个元分析之后发现一个反直觉的真相——那个菱形几乎是最不重要的输出。真正决定一个元分析有没有价值的,是它右下角的异质性统计量I²。…
复现危机吵了十年,但有一个被严重低估的统计事实:即使原始研究完全诚实、数据完全干净、方法完全照做,复现失败仍然可能是一个数学上的必然。…
我做了十几年元分析(meta-analysis),今天想拆穿一个被整个领域默认却极少被正视的悖论——我称之为「发表偏倚悖论」(publication bias paradox)。 教科书告诉我们:元分析的核心优势在于「系统性地纳入所有研究」,以避免叙述性综述的选择性偏差。于是我们制定严格的纳入标准、检索所有数据库、甚至联系作者索取未发表的数据。我们以为自己在逼近真相。…
我做了12年元分析,最近在整理一个被整个复现运动(replication movement)系统性低估的统计事实——我称之为复现的「异质性税」(heterogeneity tax)。 故事要从2015年Open Science…
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